Part XIV: Evan Mcgloughlin (a podcaster about neuroscience)
Russell T. Hurlburt1, Gualtiero Piccinini2, and Evan Mcgloughlin3 1 University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2 University of Missouri 3 Independent Scholar
Evan Mcgloughlin is an Irishman operating a podcast called The Giant's Shoulder, which covers a range of neuroscience topics with a particular interest in consciousness and understanding our inner subjective conscious experience. He has a Neuroscience degree from Trinity College Dublin.
Russ had appeared on Evan's podcast (an interview that racked up a quarter of a million views) and Evan proposed trying DES for himself. He envisioned making another podcast that reported back to his audience what had transpired. This is the sampling that resulted from that proposal....
Evan is also interested in sampling inner experience under the influence of LSD and/or cannabis. That will come later. The experiences discussed here are all while sober.
The interviews were conducted by Russ Hurlburt and Gualtiero Piccinini (see Part XIII of this series). Evan and Gualtiero discuss these experiences on a podcast.
DES calls the introductory interview 'day zero'. The aim is to provide instruction, but more importantly to begin the process of enlisting Evan as a co-investigator. ...
The interview is unstructured; here is a post hoc road map:
[0:53] Pic of the beepers used in DES studies
[2:20] Beeper mechanics
[6:00] Using the beeper
[12:34] Evan as co-investigator
[24:23] DES involves iterative (gradual acquisition) of skills
This is Evan's first sampling day. As is usual on first sampling days, Evan's description attempts are pretty discursive,...
so the descriptions below should be treated with skepticism
Evan's samples:
Sample 1.1 [1:55] I was (70%) mouthing "this paper is essential reading for clinicians, learning about acquired aphantasia" (from an aphantasia paper I was reading). (That is, I feel the movement of my physical mouth, although no sound is coming out.) I might have been attending to the visual aspect of this reading (but RTH is skeptical about that). Simultaneously I (30%) feel a slight itchy on m forehead (from hairs being blown by a nearby fan). Simultaneously I (perhaps) (3%??) hear the fan.
Sample 1.2 [23:52] [I'm unwrapping fuet and] feel the plastic wrapper and the weight of the fuet on my (left) hand. Simultaneously I am [seeing the Tour de France] and noticing the posture of Jonas Vingegaard—that his spine seems very bent. [We discussed whether this was a visual noticing or a cognitive analyzing, without really being able to sort that out.]
Sample 1.3 [42:36] I feel the weight / tension in my finger (from the water bottle I am holding). Simultaneously I feel the refreshingly cold water on my tongue and throat.
Selected commentary:
[15:46] Subjunctification
[19:55] Distinguishing between direct apprehension and inference
On this, his second sampling day, Evan is somewhat more expertly focused on cleaving to the moment and to experience. ...
Evan's samples:
Sample 2.1 [2:12] [My eyes are aimed at words on the computer screen, but I'm not really processing them.] I feel the metal-y sharpness of the comb going through my beard. (I'm doing it, but it is the skin/beard sensation, not the doing of it, that is present to me). I also feel bodily tired. mostly in my legs (quads and calves of both legs) and (perhaps separately) heavy eyelids.
Sample 2.2 [14:40] I taste fuet [a Catalan salami-like sausage] on the tip of my tongue, and notice the attractiveness of a woman (eyes, face) on my laptop screen.
Sample 2.3 [26:34] I feel a bit pressure from something on my lip [it is actually from the end of a comb I am pressing there, but that is not present in my experience]. (That is a mild experience, maybe 20% of what I might usually experience, but the rest of my experiential field is blank.
Sample 2.4 [34:35] [I'm watching a video which contains music, but the only part of this that I experience is] I hear the tempo of the music (by tempo I mean how fast it is). Simultaneously I feel my heart beating in my chest, a physical sensation (which may have as light too-fast-ness aspect).
Sample 2.5 [52:58] I'm reading with comprehension a message on WhatsApp. (It seems I am just getting the semantic content without any experientializing, but maybe I am very slightly innerly speaking it—I don't know.) Simultaneously I am feeling a breeze on my right back and shoulder.
Sample 2.6 [58:08] [I am standing on my balcony and] I feel the warmth (of the sun).
Selected commentary:
[8:14] Distinguishing between directly apprehended experience and facts of the universe
[10:17] An exercise for the reader
[11:07] Avoiding confirmation bias
[11:19] The danger of I was right!
[19:09] What is a good DES question?
[32:38] Saying and not saying...
[45:36] Gualtiero's general observations about Evan's experience
Evan reported beeper problems. We narrowed it down to either the earphone or the earphone jack. Evan gets another earbud and uses that....
Evan's samples:
Sample 3.1 [0:18] I was (70%) innerly speaking (a self-instructional) "what end screens do I need?", noticing slight lip movements as I speak. Simultaneously I (30%) feel bodily high/happy, a feeling in the muscles (below the skin, outside the core).
Sample 3.2 [13:44] I was (50%) innerly speaking "John Joe end screen" (with no lip movements). Simultaneously I am (50%) seeing the color purple as it shades from darker below to lighter above. [This purple is on the wall, caused by purple lighting, but my experience is of the purple, not at all of the wall.]
Sample 3.3 [26:23] [My eyeballs are aimed at the computer screen.] I (80%) see whiteness (which is actually of the space around objects of my computer screen, but I don't notice the objects—I see only the whiteness). Simultaneously I (20%) feel a slight stickiness-sweatiness on my legs and feet. I might also be cognitively recognizing this stickiness-sweatiness, (but that might be presuppositional assumption). [The seeing of whiteness seems like the same kind of seeing as the seeing of purple in 3.2.]
Sample 3.4 [33:15] [I'm writing the notes from sample 3.3. I don't recall the words I was writing.] I am (65%) innerly saying what I am writing, perhaps something like "whiteness." Simultaneously I (35%) feel with my fingertips the pressure of the pen against fingertips. This is the sensation of pressure, (not the sensation of moving the pen). (There is perhaps some cognitive recognition of the pen being held, but that is perhaps presuppositional.) [I do not feel the pressure in my thumb, even though it is also holding the pen.]
Sample 3.5 [49:15] [This sample was collected in response to the onboard speaker, not the earphone, so there is grounds for skepticism.] [I am looking at video editing software on my computer screen.] I see the person (on the main screen). Simultaneously I somewhat dimly see the text in a window off to the side. Simultaneously I hear what the person is saying. Simultaneously I feel a mild itch on my nose. [RTH speculates that the complexity might be an artifact of the too-soft beep.]
Sample 3.6 [50:28] [This sample was collected in response to the onboard speaker, not the earphone, so there is grounds for skepticism.] I feel relaxed, mostly in my body. [My hand is on my girlfriend's leg;] I feel the softness (of her skin).
Selected commentary:
[0:18] It is not about the words
[8:29] On armchair introspection
[28:28] Bewilderment as evidence of fidelity
[40:12] On the iterative process
[49:15] Note that samples 3.5 and 3.6 were collected using the beeper's onboard speaker, not the earphone, which Russ thinks is not adequate.
Day 4— a couple of samples with nothing in experience and one example (4.3) that illustrates the importance of sensory awareness to Evan's experience....
Evan's samples:
Sample 4.1 [3:53] [I was on the stationary bike; a video was playing but I had no real awareness of its content. My eyes were open but I wasn't seeming anything in particular. I was eating an apple without tasting or feeling it.] Mostly nothing in experience.
Sample 4.2 [8:35] [On stationary bike] and watching a video, carried along by it—maybe more visual (60%) than auditory (40%) [but RTH is skeptical about that].
Sample 4.3 [13:32] [I was reading about tsunami hitting Hawaii, mostly the headline and the picture.] I see the collapsed buildings and particularly notice the yellow color of the building [which seems weird to me because the yellow is an insignificant detail on a picture of great destruction]. Simultaneously [my hand is on my beard and] I notice both the bristles of the hair on the tips of my fingers and my fingers pressing on the hairs into the skin of my face.
Sample 4.4 [33:54] I was speaking to my girlfriend, gesturing at the screen with my right hand, um, saying, "where are my sales?"] I see on the screen "$16.84" (a seeing with comprehension).
Sample 4.5 [46:20] [I was watching a video from the perspective of criticizing it. Is that good? Or what's good about that?] I was seeing the video from an analytical/critical perspective. [This did not seem to be an articulated thought (whether worded or not), but rather a critical perspective.]
Sensory awareness is still prominent. Sample 5.5 provides an example—an illustration of the power and patience of the iterative process—where Evan can clearly differentiate between innerly speaking and other forms of words being present....
[Prior to sample 5.5, Evan has had some difficulty determining whether he was innerly speaking or whether words were just present in some other way. Sample 5.5 is unequivocally innerly speaking, but the cadence/articulation is somewhat exaggerated or stylized.]
Evan's samples:
Sample 5.1 [5:39] [I'm standing up and] (80%) my legs feel tired/heavy and sore. The sore sensation seems perhaps somewhat (but not entirely distinctly) more specific in my quad, and the tired/heavy sensation seems perhaps somewhat (but not entirely distinctly) more generally distributed through the legs. Also I (10-20%) feel my fingertips on the skin of my hips. This is both a fingertips-on-skin sensation and a skin-on-fingertips sensation.
Sample 5.2 [15:08] I feel tiredness throughout my body, and specific tightness in my right quad. (The distinction between quad and the rest of the body is more distinct in 5.2 than it was in 5.1.) Simultaneously I see the face on the screen, primarily the eyes. [On background, I am interested in the eyes because the eyes are the most important part of a thumbnail, but that is not directly present at the moment of the beep.] Simultaneously, I see yellow (which is of a brush-stroked swatch of yellow on the computer screen, but I do not register the brushed-stroke-ness or the swatchness of it—I see the yellow).
Sample 5.3 [28:53] I'm 70% thinking "weirder or stranger"; these words unfold over time (but I cannot say whether I innerly speak them or whether they are just present). [I'm trying to decide which word would be more appropriate to use in what I am writing, but that context is not explicitly present to me.] The words have a particular querying aura—of trying to decide between them—but how that is present is not clear. Simultaneously I am 30% seeing / reading-with-comprehension the word "weirder" on the screen. [Note that what I read is only "weirder," but what I innerly present is "weirder or stranger."] [Note that the distinction between inner speaking and other ways words are present will become clearer at sample 5.5.]
Sample 5.4 [50:47] I am reading with comprehension "5-HT hypothesis of depression" on the screen (there are no further characteristics—no inner speaking, no visual imagery). Simultaneously (and most prominently) I am innerly speaking "possibly interesting podcast" (referring to 5-HT depression). Simultaneously (and least prominently) I see the face on the screen.
Sample 5.5 [1:03:12] [I am typing, but that is not experienced. I innerly say "This episode is brought to you in part by" in my own narrator's voice (with the specific inflection that I use when speaking this line). Simultaneously I innerly see the video of the episode—this seeing is only slightly differentiated—I see a black (16X9) rectangle and in it some pink/red and some motion—mostly I see the pink/red.
Selected commentary:
[8:55, 9:49, 10:14, 37:10] Too much about words: nounification
[25:36ff] Propositional experiences
[43:25] The struggle to explore inner experience
[34:55, 36:33, 37:10] Establishing what words mean
[43:48] The iterative method at work
[49:16] Skepticism about self report
[57:27, 58:54, 1:00:02] Describing the phenomenon before putting particular words to it
[1:01:38] Vygotsky and condensation of inner speech
Today's samples include two inner seeings (a.k.a.images) and a variety of thinking experiences that involve a range of the presence of words, from experienced thining with no words at all present ('unsymbolized thinking') to words present to explicitly experienced inner speaking....
Evan's samples:
Sample 6.1 [2:13] [I was talking to a friend who was saying something about "rural Ireland.] I innerly see a beautiful bucolic Irish scene—green fields with a ramshackle stone wall cutting diagonally across it. (I see this clearly, even though I am not particularly invested in it.) Simultaneously a feel a positive / happy bodily valence, a sensation or feeling (a bit difficult to disentangle those) throughout my body from the neck down but perhaps centered at my stomach /gut. I also hear my friend talking.
Sample 6.2 [16:58] [I am looking at a slide on my laptop and] (70%) wondering who is the target audience. This wondering is specific (about the target-audience question) but not voiced or worded. Simultaneously I (20%) see the tone / wholistic impression of the slide (I'm not interested in any particular aspect). Simultaneously (10%) I feel, with my fingertips, the bristleness of my beard.
Sample 6.3 [27:43] [I am in conversation with a friend about a potential podcast.] I (50%) think that could work, a directly apprehended cognitive experience without words or imagery [this thought could be roughly equally expressed as this could be successful or this is a good idea]. Simultaneously and relatedly, I (50%) feel bodily energized (about this new idea), throughout my body from neck down, perhaps mostly concentrated or emanating from my chest area. [This experience was similar to sample 6.2 except: the bodily sensations / feelings were stronger and the centrality was higher in my trunk (heart instead of gut).]
Sample 6.4 [33:50] I am saying aloud and curiously to my friend "Are they wedded to that?" [There is nothing else in my experience unless you want to count the curiously as an instance of feeling rather than an aspect of speaking (RTH would not do that).] [My hand is on my beard but I am not at all or only very slightly experiencing that.]
Sample 6.5 [45:39] [I'm typing a sentence that begins "I've already made…" and is interrupted by the beep.] I innerly see a thumbnail (of the video I am referring to), seeing a 16 X 9-ish black rectangle (conveying the thumbnail) with the face on the right, the colors on the left. I also slightly feel my fingertips striking the keys [but the interview did not explore this aspect].
Sample 6.6 [54:34] [I had read a few seconds ago (or was currently reading—I'm not sure) about Hilke Placeman.] I innerly say "Hilke Placeman" with an exaggerated Swedish accent. (I am the inner speaker, but I'm not sure whether I am speaking in my own voice.]
Selected commentary:
[5:01] 'Feeling' is, to DES, the experience of emotion
[5:33] 'Feeling' is in general a problematic word
[12:41, 13:43] The philosopher's question: How many stripes in your image of a zebra?
[21:23] The patience required in the iterative method
[33:34] Confirmation bias is pernicious
[45:31] Intentionality and the experience of intentionality
Sensory awareness is apparently a frequent characteristic of Evan's experience. Today, four of his six samples involve sensory awareness: sample 7.1 trees and their greenness / sky and its blueness; 7.4 orange (of the jersey); 7.5 coldness / taste; and 7.6 blueness of the sky....
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Evan's samples:
Sample 7.1 [0:27] [I'm walking.] I'm humming aloud to a song I'm hearing through my earbuds, aware of the song's words "something ain't right." Simultaneously and more or less equally I see the greeneness of the trees and the blueness of the sky.
Sample 7.2 [5:18] [I was in a coffee shop reading on my laptop.] I am innerly speaking the words "experimental skills." (I had read those words a bit ago; now I am saying those words.) [That is, this is not the experience of reading—it is of saying words that I have in the recent past read.] Also, [I have looked up from my laptop] and have a "faded" or undifferentiated visual experience—I inchoately see what is in front of me but do not see anything in particular, and nothing clearly.
Sample 7.3 [10:04] I was innerly speaking "is this some hard-coded mechanism?" as if to Nikolai [one of my podcast guests]. Simultaneously I had some vague sense of Nikolai's presence—not seen, not heard, and so on, but it is as if I am speaking to him and he is (imaginarily) present.
Sample 7.4 [15:43] [I was watching a football clip on my phone] thinking "fucking hell!" (These words are present, but are not spoken or heard. That is, this is more than merely the concept that might be expressed by "fucking hell!") Simultaneously I am marveling at how good the clip was, appreciating it. This appreciation arises bodily, from the trunk. Simultaneously I am very aware of the orange color (of the Barcelona jersey in the video, but my awareness is of the color, not the jersey).
Sample 7.5 [28:34] [I am eating an orange while planning an upcoming podcast on cell consciousness.] I taste orange. Simultaneously I innerly see a cell binding to something in its environment. That is, I see a spherical cell, with some undifferentiated splotches in its interior [which I suspect are organelles but that is not part of the experience at the moment of the beep], a Y-shaped receptor angling off to the upper right, and a triangle (representing something in the environment) moving towards the receptor and binding with it. (All this is in color and motion, clearly seen.) Simultaneously I am wondering is it conscious? (This is a specific conceptual wondering, tightly tied to those specific words, but whether those words were experientially present was not possible to clarify.) (The inner seeing is related to this question.) (The taste and the inner seeing / cell consciousness are pretty equal in intensity.) Simultaneously but much less intensely I feel coldness (of the orange) on my two front teeth.
Sample 7.6 [46:25] [I was staring out the window while considering my podcast.] I see the blueness (of the sky, but mostly of the blue). Simultaneously I am innerly speaking "they need, they need" (referring to what my podcast listeners need).
Selected commentary:
[20:09] How words are experienced
[37:14] Distinguishing between unsybolized thinking and words present
Evan's inner experience, observed through 34 DES samples collected over seven days, is notable for its high frequency of sensory awareness across a variety of domains: tactile, bodily, color.
He frequently engaged in inner speaking (aka inner speech).
Four of his samples involved inner seeing (aka seeing an image), mostly vividly colorful and detailed.
Unsymbolized thinking appeared only occasionally.
3 samples involved a valenced bodily apprehension.
We happily acknowledge that this is a snapshot at a particular point in time—Evan's experience at different times or under different circumstances may be very different. That is, we are not claiming to have arrived at the essence of Evan, or the complete Evan.
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More to come?
We intend to do more sampling with Evan under the influence of LSD or cannabis, and when/if we do, we will post it here.